Further Developments in the Black Book of Carmarthen Research

Myriah Williams writes

Interest generated in research on the Black Book of Carmarthen (NLW MS Peniarth 1) resulted last week in an international collaboration between Dr Gregory Heyworth, director of The Lazarus Project, the National Library of Wales and myself.  The Lazurus Project specializes in multispectral imaging, a process in which a series of photographs is taken of an object lit with numerous colour bands spanning from ultraviolet to infrared.  A specialised lens made of quartz is used in the imaging, as it allows for much better transmission of ultra violet light than standard glass.

Over the course of three days we captured images of select pages in the Black Book, as well as some of the fourteenth-century Peniarth 20, a manuscript whose outer pages suffered damage significant enough to render their texts illegible.  The processing of the images is fairly labour-intensive, so the full results of the endeavour will not be known for some weeks or longer.  Initial results, however, look promising.  I look forward to seeing what comes to light from this work (pun intended), and am delighted to have taken part in it.

Sagas and Space: the 16th International Saga Conference, Universities of Zürich and Basel

Every three years the Old Norse community descends upon a city (or two) for the International Saga Conference. This summer brought us to the universities of Zürich and Basel for a week’s worth of papers and discussion on a variety of subjects across the field, from 9–15 August. The title given to this year’s conference was ‘Sagas and Space’, inviting submissions to thematic strands ‘Constructing Space’, ‘Mediality’, ‘Textuality and Manuscript Transmission’, ‘Reception of Old Norse-Icelandic Literature’, ‘Continental Europe and Medieval Scandinavia’, ‘Literatures of Eastern Scandinavia’, ‘Bodies and Senses in the Scandinavian Middle Ages’ and a wide range of other topics. Between Cambridge scholars present and past, representatives of the ASNaC department could be found in every one of these thematic strands.

Monday saw doctoral student Maria Theresa Ramandi present on the Legend of St Agnes in Old Icelandic translation as well as a roundtable discussion on eddic poetry led by Dr Judy Quinn and featuring Dr Brittany Schorn. In Basel on Tuesday both presented additional papers on eddic material (on the artifice of intimacy in eddic dialogues and modes of poetry in prosimetric sagas) and doctoral students Rebecca Merkelbach and Joanne Shortt Butler represented the Íslendingasögur with papers on mediality and monstrosity, and on characterisation in Eyrbyggja saga respectively. On Wednesday Dr Elizabeth Ashman Rowe presented her current research on the Icelandic annals, offering a tantalising glimpse of forthcoming publications on these neglected texts. After a day off for trekking in the Alps, exploring the manuscript collection of Saint Gallen abbey, cruising on Lake Lucerne or just getting better acquainted with Zürich, the conference wrapped up on Friday. Doctoral student Caitlin Ellis mapped out the political geographies of eleventh-century kings Knútr Sveinsson (Cnut the Great) and Óláfr Haraldsson, whilst Dr Paul Gazzoli explained the manuscript tradition and re-interpretations of the Latin Life of St Anskar, a missionary saint associated with the conversion of Scandinavia. 

ASNaC alumni from around Europe added to the representation of the department, with papers and contributions by Drs Rosalind Bonté (Brepols publishers), Eleanor Heans-Glogowska, Emily Lethbridge (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, Reykjavík) and Jeffrey Love (Stockholm University). Doctoral students Katherine Olley, Jonathan Hui and Victoria Cribb also swelled the ranks of Cambridge delegates, partaking of discussions, developments and opportunities to meet colleagues old and new. The week was a fantastic opportunity to catch up with friends and peers from all around the globe, as well as those from collaborative projects such as the Languages, Myths and Finds network, Árni Magnússon Institute Manuscript Master Classes, Skaldic Poetry Project — and even to form brand new research networks! Rebecca Merkelbach led the formation of an Old Norse Network of Otherness (ONNO), comprised largely of early-career scholars from around the world whose work focusses on the marginal and medial aspects of Old Norse literature. The interests of the network include “the breaking-down of binaries, the development of spectrums and continuities [and] the de-marginalisation of otherness”. This is but one example of how the conference successfully fostered enthusiasm, creativity and new ideas amongst everyone who attended. 

Saga Conference 2015

At this, the 16th International Saga Conference, we also received reminders of conferences past and of the important legacy of these academic gatherings that were begun by Professor Hermann Pálsson at Edinburgh in 1971. Under the enthusiastic guidance of Judy Quinn, the first coffee-break in Basel was taken up by delegates participating in a series of sixteen photographs recording the history of the saga conference since its inception. From the cheers of support, it was worth forgoing coffee to see how important this meeting has been to the field, ensuring contact and discussion between members of the community (both senior and junior) throughout the years. Appropriately, this year’s photoshoot coincided with the launch of a website archiving all available saga conference papers and abstracts. It will doubtless prove an invaluable asset to the ongoing research of many of us.

Finally, Friday afternoon confirmed the location and date of the next meeting in 2018: Reykjavík, Iceland, 12–18 August. Previous conferences have focussed on many genres of saga, but never yet on the genre that has perhaps contributed most to bringing people to the field: the Íslendingasögur. How appropriate that we should return to Reykjavík for this theme. Roll on 2018 and the 17th International Saga Conference!

 

Joanne Shortt Butler

With thanks to Judy Quinn for additional information.

Sutton Trust Summer School 2015

From 18 - 21 August, the Department will be hosting its annual Sutton Trust Summer School in Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic. The Summer School is held in association with the Sutton Trust, a philanthropic organisation which seeks to promote social mobility through education. Ten teenagers from non-privileged backgrounds will be spending a week in the Department, experiencing lectures, seminars and classes in the whole range of ASNC subjects.

Out of the Margins and Into the Media

Waiting to be interviewed on BBC Radio Wales.

Myriah Williams writes:

The last link I added to my list was on the 25^th of May.  It was to a Wordpress blog which had been published on the 19^th of that month, nearly seven weeks after Paul Russell and I had given our lecture on the Black Book of Carmarthen at the National Library of Wales (NLW).  I remember the day before the talk, either around the time that he had spoken with the journalist at The Independent, or perhaps as I was waiting to speak to someone from the BBC News website, that Paul told me everyone would have forgotten about the story in two days.  Or maybe it was just after Maredudd ap Huw, the Manuscripts Librarian at NLW, had spoken to us about the possibility of an interview with Welsh television channel S4C.  In the stress and adrenaline and excitement of the day, I think I probably looked a bit green and this was meant to be comforting.  But they didn’t forget.

Being interviewed by Dafydd Wiliam Morgan for S4C

The story began, incidentally, on my birthday.  I don’t normally ‘bound’ anywhere, but I was bounding down Penglais Hill, trying not to tumble over in my excitement to spend the afternoon with the Black Book of Carmarthen, a manuscript which not only preserves the oldest collection of Medieval Welsh verse, but which is also the only compilation from South Wales to survive from its period.  It is also the subject of my PhD dissertation, so the opportunity to spend time with it was sweeter than any birthday cake could have been.  Paul had come over from Cambridge in part for the occasion, as this would be such a vital component of my research.  In particular, I was interested in examining the margins and gaps of the manuscript, because these were the spaces which had suffered ‘cleansing’ at the hands of some misguided individual around the end of the sixteenth century.  While it is possible to see evidence of erasure in the digital images provided on the NLW’s website, the hope was that some of what lay beneath them might be visible to the naked eye either under natural or ultraviolet light.

This is how we came to be standing in the dark room, carefully wedging ourselves over the book but out of the way of the beam shining purple from the UV lamp.  Turning the pages, some scraps of text and bits of annotation – the work of readers primarily of the fifteenth or sixteenth century – would make themselves visible, but individually these were not terribly remarkable; rather, as a group they add to a picture of the Black Book which might have been in wider circulation than previously thought.  And then we saw the faces.

Folio 39v under UV light
(Courtesy of the National Library of Wales)

My gaze had rested on the two sets of eyes staring up from the bottom margin of the page when Paul asked, ‘Is that what I think I’m seeing?’.  They had a creepy look about them, glowing as they did under the ultraviolet light, but they also possessed a charm that would only grow as we eventually deciphered the accompanying text, serch a chariad at vy anhrydyddusaf gar (‘affection and love to my most honourable kinsman’).  On the basis of the script, the inscription appears to have been made in the fourteenth or fifteenth century, somewhat on the earlier side of the erased marginalia.  There is inherent interest in this text and its implications for the manuscript, but our immediate excitement (and, we would later come to find, the excitement of others) was centred on the faces.

Detail of the faces on fol. 39v
(Courtesy of the National Library of Wales)

We were not expecting to find images.  Although the scribe of the Black Book included some of his own drawings in his work, images are relatively rare in Medieval Welsh manuscripts.  Since the story broke, however, a couple of people have pointed out other instances of faint or faded marginal figures in Welsh manuscripts that have been recovered in the last decade or so through the use of modern imaging and digital enhancement.  The accumulation of these discoveries begins to hint at what else might be concealed in the margins, and demonstrates what is possible both with the use of new technologies and, sometimes, simply by ‘minding the gaps’.

The erased verse of fol. 40v, partially restored
(Courtesy of the National Library of Wales)

It was a year and a half later, back in Cambridge, that Paul and I were seated in his office with Stuart Roberts from the University’s Communications Office; Paul had floated them the idea of running a piece on new discoveries in a 750-year-old book, and they were interested.  Craning over facsimiles and images on Paul’s computer, we talked Stuart through what would be the stars of our upcoming lecture at the NLW: an entire page of erased thirteenth or fourteenth century verse that I had partially recovered using image editing software, and, of course, the faces.  This would be the first of a few meetings and many emails as Stuart developed the story, which was to be released in conjunction with press from the NLW ahead of the lecture.  The hope was that it might also be picked up by another news outlet or two, bringing not only an awareness of the Black Book and these particular finds to a wider audience, but also hopefully drawing attention to the importance of this type of research. The fear was that, with the impending press release shaping up to go out on April 1st there would be a not-so-comical misinterpretation that this was all an April Fools’ joke.

At one stage the Black Book news was the most popular item on Live Science

Having now been published – either digitally or in print – in twenty-eight countries and in twenty-one different languages (that I am aware of), the story was, by and large, not mistaken for an April Fools’ joke.  It was interesting, however, to watch it grow and change and take on a bit of a life of its own as it spread from outlet to outlet. Like a game of telephone, elements of the story would become blurred; how many poems were discovered and where (one or two, filled into a blank verso), and the relationship of the faces to the verse (none), sometimes became less clear the more distant a given report was from one of the original sources. Titles containing the adjective ‘ghostly’ began to appear with increasing frequency, culminating perhaps in the sensationalist headline from the Daily Mail, ‘Thebook of GHOSTS: Eerie faces and messages discovered in ancient medievalmanuscript of King Arthur and Merlin’.  Indeed, Arthur’s name was invoked a number of times (‘“Ghosts of Camelot” Arthur, Merlin found in ancient “Black Book”’, insisted the Bayou Buzz of Louisiana), and a small subset of readers went one step further and on their own websites and blogs began circulating the idea that the faces were in fact extraterrestrial (one youtube video on this topic has even garnered over one thousand six hundred more views than its counterpart for the popular yoda-in-a-medieval-manuscript story). It was an odd feeling to see this happen – aliens were certainly not anything I ever expected to appear in conjunction with my research – but despite the discomfort caused by some of the more minor inaccuracies or misrepresentations, it was an extremely gratifying experience to see that people were interested. They were interested in France, Germany and Spain, and farther afield in China, Brazil and India. They were even interested in my own home town.

USA Today counted the story in its top five discoveries of the week

The way in which the story spread may be indicative of heightened pop-cultural enthusiasm for things medieval; the recent success of television programmes such as Game of Thrones and Vikings are surely signs of this, and ITV must be hoping that it doesn’t abate any time soon as they enter production for their small-screen adaptation of Beowulf. Stories similar to my own, however, demonstrate that this enthusiasm is not restricted to the medieval period simply as a realm for fantasy. On the same day that the news of the Black Book broke, another (non-April Fools’) story was run about a medieval graveyard found under the grounds of St John’s College, Cambridge; this too spread over Britain and across the Atlantic. At about the same time, the report of an Anglo-Saxon remedy capable of curing MRSA was making the rounds.

Hopefully, the interest generated by the Black Book research may also be indicative of a rising profile for the digital humanities and the fantastic outcomes that can be achieved by applying modern technology to the study of the past. One of my favourite pieces of coverage of the Black Book discoveries appeared on the US science and sci-fi blog io9, but it is not so much for the article itself that I prefer this piece as it is for the comments. There, I could read as people discussed, questioned and joked about both the findings and the Black Book more generally, and extraordinarily, nestled among the posts one commenter had added three pictures of his or her favourite manuscript: the Cambridge Juvencus (MS Ff.4.42). That manuscript had only gone online on the Cambridge Digital Library at the end of March, and yet there they were, images from the digitisation in a post from April 4th. It was striking to see how quickly these images could and had been shared across the globe, and examples such as this demonstrate the importance of continuing to make these texts available online.

A surreal moment: finding the Black Book set as the University of Cambridge's facebook cover photo

On a more personal level, this whole experience has been as surreal as first seeing those eyes staring up and out of the vellum. I never thought I would be talking to the Washington Post about my research, nor could I imagine that part of it would inspire the composition of a poem by a winner of the bardic chair at the Welsh National Eisteddfod. Now that some time has passed, however, I have been able to take everything in and to appreciate the impact that the story has had, not only in terms of the promotion of this type of study, but also on my research and on myself. The experience has been one of the highlights of my academic career thus far, and has given me tools which I can only hope to have need of again some day. In the end, I am glad that they didn’t forget.